Women and Political Leadership in Islam: Ma'nā-cum-Maghzā Critical Hermeneutic Study
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Published:
Mar 1, 2023
Keywords:
Ḥadīth, Women's leadership, Hermeneutics, Ma‘nā-cum-maghzā
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Abstract
This paper describes and analyzes the textual-contextual h}adīth on the prohibition of women’s leadership in the public sphere. This study is a critical hermeneutic with the theory of ma‘nā-cum-maghzā, by making the literal origin (historical meaning, explicit) the starting point for understanding the central message of the text (implied meaning). The results of this paper indicate that women may become leaders in public affairs because textually and linguistically, the word lan yufliḥ, which means ‘will not be successful,’ in the h}adīth does not apply permanently (mu’abbad), but only temporally (mu’aqqat). Contextually, the h}adīth prohibited women from becoming leaders because the condition of women at the time of the h}adīth did not allow them to handle social affairs due to the lack of knowledge and experience and the existence of deceit and greed, which could happen to anyone who had ambitions of power, men as well as women. Meanwhile, nowadays, many women have the expertise, knowledge, and managerial-organizational experience to support these matters.
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Faiz, Muhammad Fauzinuddin, Nurul Huda, Akhmad Khubby Ali Rohmad, Muhammad Solikhudin, and Sheyla Nichlatus Sovia. “Women and Political Leadership in Islam: Ma’nā-Cum-Maghzā Critical Hermeneutic Study”. Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 17, no. 2 (March 1, 2023): 293-312. Accessed May 10, 2024. https://islamica.uinsby.ac.id/index.php/islamica/article/view/960.
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‘Asqalānī (al), Ibn H{ajar. Fath} al-Bārī Sharh}. Beirut: Dār al-Salām, 2001.
Bakri, Syamsul. “Womens Leadership in Islam: A Historical Perspective of a Hadith.” Indonesian Journal of Islamic Literature and Muslim Society, Vol. 5, No. 2 (2020), 219-34.
Becker, Mary. “Patriarchy and Inequality: Towards a Substantive Feminism.” University of Chicago Legal Forum, No. 1, 1999.
Brinkmann, Stefanie. “Between Philology and Hadith Criticism: The Genre of Sharh} Gharīb al-H{adīth.” Hadith Commentary: Continuity and Change, ed. Joel Blecher and Stefanie Brinkmann. Edinburgh University Press, 2023.
Brînză, Andreea. “Tsai Ing-Wen : A New Type of Female Leader in Asia.” https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/tsai-ing-wen-a-new-type-of-female-leader-in-asia/ (accessed January 2023).
Bukhārī (al), Abū ‘Abd Allāh Muh}ammad b. Ismā‘īl b. Ibrāhīm S{ah}īh} al-Bukhārī, Vol. IV. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1994.
Cooke, Miriam. “Fatima Mernissi 1940-2015.” Review of Middle East Studies, Vol. 49, No. 2 (August 18, 2015), 217-19.
D’Amico, Francine. “Women National Leaders.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies, retrieved from https://oxfordre.com/internationalstudies/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.001.0001/acrefore-9780190846626-e-364.
Dickinson, Eerik. An Introduction to the Science of Hadith. United Kingdom: Garnet publishing, 2006.
El Fadl, Khaled Abou. “Law of Duress in Islamic Law and Common Law: A Comparative Study.” Islamic Studies, Vol. 30, No. 3 (February 18, 1991), 305-50.
“Facts and Figures: Women’s Leadership and Political Participation,” in https://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/leadership-and-political-participation/facts-and-figures (accessed 2022).
Faiz, Muhammad Fauzinuddin. “Memangkas Bibit Kebencian Menjelang Pemilu.” Times Indonesia, available at https://timesindonesia.co.id/kopi-times/447755/memangkas-bibit-kebencian-menjelang-pemilu (2023).
-----. “Teori Hermeneutika Al-Qur’an Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd dan Aplikasinya terhadap Wacana Gender dalam Studi Hukum Islam Kontemporer.” Al-Ahwal: Journal of Family Law Studies and Islamic Studies, Vol. 7, No. 1 April (2015), 23-61.
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H{amadah, Fārūq. al-Manhaj al-Islāmī fī al-Jarh} wa al-Ta‘dīl. Beirut: Dār al-Salām, 2001.
H{amīd (al), H{amīd. “Sharh} Manz}ūmah al-Qawā‘id al-Fiqhīyah.” https://shamela.ws/book/37791/55 (accessed January 19, 2023).
Haeri, Shahla. The Unforgettable Queens of Islam, ed. Shahla Haeri. Cambridge University Press, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316389300.007.
Hasan, Akhmad Muawal. “Kuatnya Sentimen Agama di Pilgub Jakarta.” https://tirto.id/kuatnya-sentimen-agama-di-pilgub-jakarta-ciZn (2017).
Hayati, Ilda. “Women’s Leadership in Islamic Perspective,” AJIS: Academic Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 1, No. 2 (December 31, 2016), 163-78.
Hindī (al), Abū al-H{ayy al-Luknawī. al-Raf‘ wa al-Takmīl fī al-Jarh} wa al-Ta‘dīl. Beirut: Maktabat al-Mat}ba‘ah al-Islāmīyah, 1407.
Ibn H{anbāl, Ah}mad. al-Musnad, Vol. 6. N.p.: 1977.
Jensen, Jane S. Women Political Leaders; Breaking the Highest Glass Ceiling. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230616851.
Kafrāwī (al), H{asan. Sharh} al-‘Allāmah al-Shaykh H{asan al-Kafrāwī ‘alā Matn al-Jurūmīyah. Surabaya: Percetakan al-Hidayah, n.d.
“Kepemimpinan Perempuan dalam Kajian Hadits.” https://islam.nu.or.id/ilmu-hadits/kepemimpinan-perempuan-dalam-kajian-hadits-rLKxt (accessed on January 19, 2023).
Lucas, Scott C. “Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet’s Legacy by Jonathan A. C. Brown.” Journal of Shi’a Islamic Studies, Vol. 8, No. 2 (2015), 245-49. https://doi.org/10.1353/isl.2015.0002.
Madrid, Raul et al. “The Relevance of Religion for Political Office: Voter Bias Toward Candidates from Different Religious Backgrounds.” Political Behavior, Vol. 44, No. 2 (June 1, 2022), 981-1001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-022-09782-6.
Mubārakfūrī (al), Muh}ammad ‘Abd al-Rah}mān. Tuh}fat al-Ah}wadhī, Vol. 4. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyah, 2001.
Naml [27]: 23-24.
Nasā’ī (al). Sunan al-Nasā’ī, Vol. 4. N.p.: 1377.
Owen, Daoud Rosser. “Islam and Global Dialogue: Religious Pluralism and the Pursuit of Peace.” American Journal of Islam and Society, Vol. 24, No. 1 (2007), 127-140. https://doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v24i1.1578.
Palmer, Richard E. “Postmodern Hermeneutics and the Act of Reading.” Notre Dame English Journal, Vol. 15, No. 3 (August 18, 1983), 55-84.
-----. Hermeneutics Interpretation Theory in Schleiermacher, Dilthey, Heidegger, and Gadamer. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1969. https://www.scirp.org/(S(351jmbntvnsjt1aadkposzje))/reference/ReferencesPapers.aspx?ReferenceID=1359704 (accessed on January 19, 2023).
Rahmat, Agus, and Edwin Firdaus. “Sentimen Agama dan Gender Masih Kuat di Pilpres 2024, Hasil Temuan SMRC.” https://www.viva.co.id/berita/politik/1621893-sentimen-agama-dan-gender-masih-kuat-di-pilpres-2024-hasil-temuan-smrc (2023).
Sabet, Amr G. “Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong in Islamic Thought.” American Journal of Islam and Society, Vol. 20 (2003). https://doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v20i1.1885.
Schleiermacher, Friedrich. Hermeneutics and Criticism, and Other Writings, translated by Andrew Bowie. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Shadruddin. Syarh} al-T{ah}awīyah. UEA: Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Waqf, Da‘wah and Ershad, 1418.
Suryadi. Metodologi Ilmu Rijalil Hadis. Yogyakarta: Madani Pustaka Hikmah in collaboration with the Department of Tafsir and Hadith Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, 2005.
Syamsuddin, Sahiron. “Metode Penafsiran dengan Pendekatan Ma‘nā-Cum-Maghzā.” Pendekatan Ma‘nā-cum-Maghzā atas al-Qur’an dan Hadis: Menjawab Problematika Sosial Keagamaan di Era Kontemporer, ed. Sahiron Syamsuddin. Yogyakarta: Asosiasi Ilmu Alquran & Tafsir se-Indonesia, 2020.
-----. Die Koranhermeneutik Muh}ammad Shah}rūrs und Ihre Beurteilung Aus Der Sicht Muslimischer Autoren. N.p.: Ergon Verlag, 2009.
-----. Hermenutika dan Pengembangan Ulumul Qur’an, Revised and Expanded Edition. Yogyakarta: Pesantren Nawesea Press dan Baitul Hikmah Press, 2017.
Tirmidhī (al), Muh}ammad Mah}fūz} b. ‘Abd Allāh. Manhaj Dhawī al-Naz}r. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1974.
“Translation and Meaning in English Arabic Dictionary of All Terms.” https://www.almaany.com/en/dict/ar-en/ (accessed January 19, 2023).
Van Maanen, John. “Reclaiming Qualitative Methods for Organizational Research: A Preface.” Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 4 (1979), 520-26.
Wargadiredja, Arzia Tivany. “Udah 2017, Masih Saja Muncul Aksi Menolak Perempuan Jadi Pemimpin?” https://www.vice.com/id/article/qv48e5/udah-2017-masih-saja-muncul-aksi-menolak-perempuan-jadi-pemimpin (2017).
Wax, Murray L. “Knowledge, Power, and Ethics in Qualitative Social Research.” The American Sociologist, Vol. 26, No. 2 (1995), 22-34.
Zaman, Iftikhar. “The Science of ‘Rijāl’ as a Method in the Study of Hadiths.” Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 5, No. 1 (August 18, 1994), 1-34.