Informal Economy and Peacebuilding Efforts among Muslim and Christian Communities during Communal Conflicts in Ambon
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Published:
Sep 1, 2021
Keywords:
Informall economies, Muslim community, communal conflicts, Ambon, Indonesia
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Abstract
Communal conflicts that happened in Ambon, eastern part of Indonesia more than 20 years ago still reserve a lot of lessons to unveil. One of the least discussed issues is the roles of economic exchanges among diverse community members in bringing peace from below. This article tries to capture the interreligious interactions (Muslim and Christian) among buyers and sellers in areas considered as border space during the conflicts from 1999 to 2004. It showcases the intertwin of everyday peacebuilding efforts through trade and the spread of peace messages among those involved in the exchange practices. This research employed qualitative research methods using ethnographic strategy with in-depth interview, observation, and library study. Data was collected from 2016-2019 including 10-month intensive fieldwork. The article discusses that social networks and cultural ties embedded in the economic drivers of trade-related activities arguably set the foundation for everyday peacebuilding. In conclusion, economic transactions allowed interethnic, intervillage, and interreligious interactions to take place, eliminated distrust among the traders, and potentially extended peace message narratives at the micro level such as among family members.
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Wardani, Abellia Anggi. “Informal Economy and Peacebuilding Efforts Among Muslim and Christian Communities During Communal Conflicts in Ambon”. Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 16, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 1-29. Accessed April 29, 2024. https://islamica.uinsby.ac.id/index.php/islamica/article/view/874.
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References
Books, Articles, and Websites
Adam, Jeroen and Lusia Peilouw. “Internal Displacement and Household Strategies for Income Generation: A Case Study in Ambon, Indonesia,” Social Development Issues, No. 2, 2008.
Adam, Jeroen. “Displacement, Coping Mechanisms and The Emergence of New Markets in Ambon,” working paper No. 9, 2008, retrieved from Conflict Research Group http://www.psw.ugent.be/crg/Publications/working%20papers/workingpaper_adam.pdf
-----. “Downward Social Mobility, Prestige and The Informal Economy in Post-conflict Ambon,” South East Asia Research, Vol. 16, No. 3, 2008.
Al Qurtuby, Sumanto. Religious Violence and Conciliation in Indonesia: Christians and Muslims in the Moluccas. London, England: Routledge, 2016.
Amirrachman, Alpha (ed.). Revitalisasi Kearifan Lokal: Studi Resolusi Konflik di Kalimantan Barat, Maluku dan Poso. Jakarta: International Center for Islam and Pluralism [ICIP], 2007.
Ansori, Mohammad Hasan et al. Post-Conflict Segregation, Violence, and Reconstruction Policy in Ambon. Jakarta, Indonesia: The Habibie Center [THC], 2014.
Asi, Rohaiza Ahmad et al. Conflict Management in Indonesia: An Analysis of the Conflicts in Maluku, Papua, and Poso. Geneva: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, 2011.
Basri, M. Chatib and Hal Hill. “Indonesian Growth Dynamics,” Asian Economic Policy Review, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2011.
Basri, M. Chatib. “Twenty Years after the Asian Financial Crisis,” in Louis E. Breuer et al. (eds.), Realizing Indonesia’s Economic Potential. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund, 2018.
Beck, Herman L. “A Pillar of Social Harmony: The Study of Comparative Religion in Contemporary Indonesia,” Modern Societies and the Science of Religions, Vol. 95, 2002.
Braeuchler, Birgit. “Christian-Muslim Relations in Post-Conflict Ambon, Moluccas: Adat, Religion, and Beyond,” in Bernhard Platzdasch and Johan Saravanamuttu (eds.), Religious Diversity in Muslim-majority States in Southeast Asia. Singapore: ISEAS, 2013.
-----. The Cultural Dimension of Peace: Decentralization and Reconciliation in Indonesia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
Ellen, Roy. On the Edge of the Banda Zone: Past and Present in the Social Organization of a Moluccan Trading Network. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2003.
Ernas, Saidin. “Policy of social Conflict Resolution: Implementation of the Malino Agreement in Maluku,” Jurnal Studi Pemerintahan, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2012.
Evers, H-D., & Schrader, H. The Moral Economy of Trade: Ethnicity and Developing Markets. London and New York: Routledge, 1994.
Glass, Pepper G. “Using History to Explain the Present: The Past as Born and Performed,” Ethnography, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2015.
International Crisis Group (ICG). Indonesia: Violence Erupts again in Ambon (ICG Asia Reports No. 32/2004). Jakarta/Brussels: ICG, 2004.
Iwamony, Rachel. “The Reconciliatory Potential of the Pela in the Moluccas: The Role of the GPM in this Transformation Process.” Ph.D. Dissertation--Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2010.
Kadir, Hatib Abdul. “Gifts, Belonging, and Emerging Realities Among ‘Other Moluccans’ During the Aftermath of Sectarian Conflict.” Ph.D. Dissertation--University of California, Santa Cruz, 2017.
Leirissa, Richard Zacharias. “Social Development in Ambon during the 19th Century: Ambonese Burger,” Cakalele, Vol. 6, 1995.
-----. “The Bugis-Makassarese in The Port Towns: Ambon and Ternate through the Nineteenth Century: Authority and Enterprise among the Peoples of South Sulawesi,” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Vol. 156, No. 3, 2000.
Pamungkas, Cahyo. “Intergroup Contact Avoidance in Indonesia.” Ph.D. Dissertation--Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, 2015.
Pariela, Tonny D. “Damai di Tengah Konflik Maluku: Preserved Social Capital sebagai Basis Survival Strategy.” Ph.D. Dissertation--Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana, Salatiga, 2008.
Sholeh, Badrus. “The Dynamics of Muslim and Christian Relations in Ambon, Eastern Indonesia,” International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol. 4, No. 3, 2013.
Sitepu, Hemat. Revitalisasi Pranata Sosial Pasca Konflik Maluku. Jakarta: Ciputat Press, 2007.
Soegijono, Simon Pieter. “Papalele: Potret Aktivitas Komunitas Pedagang Kecil di Ambon.” Ph.D. Dissertation--Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana, Salatiga, 2011.
-----. “Papalele: The Forgotten Campaign,” Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), paper presented at International Conference on Religion and Public Civilization, 2018.
Tupamahu, Maria Katje. “Analisis Perilaku Ekonomi Kelompok Perempuan Papalele di Ambon.” Ph.D. Dissertation--Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 2012.
Van Klinken, Gerry. “The Maluku Wars: Bringing Society Back In,” Indonesia, Vol. 70, 2001.
-----. Perang Kota Kecil: Kekerasan Komunal dan Demokrastisasi di Indonesia. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2007.
Viterna, Jocelyn. “Negotiating the Muddiness of Grassroots Field Research: Managing Identity and Data,” in Martha K. Huggins and Marie-Louise Glebbeek (eds.), Women Fielding Danger: Negotiating Ethnographic Identities in Field Research. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2009.
Waileruny, Semuel. Membongkar Konspirasi di Balik Konflik Maluku. Jakarta, Indonesia: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia, 2010.
Interviews
Ca Mina, Muslim Ambonese, Jakarta, July 11, 2018.
La Adin, Butonese, Ambon, January 25, 2018.
Tante Jessica, Ambon, June 18, 2018.
Taufiq, Ambon, January 1, 2018.
Vice Mayor of Ambon City, Ambon, January 2018.
Wa Rohmah, Ambon, January 25, 2018.
Adam, Jeroen and Lusia Peilouw. “Internal Displacement and Household Strategies for Income Generation: A Case Study in Ambon, Indonesia,” Social Development Issues, No. 2, 2008.
Adam, Jeroen. “Displacement, Coping Mechanisms and The Emergence of New Markets in Ambon,” working paper No. 9, 2008, retrieved from Conflict Research Group http://www.psw.ugent.be/crg/Publications/working%20papers/workingpaper_adam.pdf
-----. “Downward Social Mobility, Prestige and The Informal Economy in Post-conflict Ambon,” South East Asia Research, Vol. 16, No. 3, 2008.
Al Qurtuby, Sumanto. Religious Violence and Conciliation in Indonesia: Christians and Muslims in the Moluccas. London, England: Routledge, 2016.
Amirrachman, Alpha (ed.). Revitalisasi Kearifan Lokal: Studi Resolusi Konflik di Kalimantan Barat, Maluku dan Poso. Jakarta: International Center for Islam and Pluralism [ICIP], 2007.
Ansori, Mohammad Hasan et al. Post-Conflict Segregation, Violence, and Reconstruction Policy in Ambon. Jakarta, Indonesia: The Habibie Center [THC], 2014.
Asi, Rohaiza Ahmad et al. Conflict Management in Indonesia: An Analysis of the Conflicts in Maluku, Papua, and Poso. Geneva: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, 2011.
Basri, M. Chatib and Hal Hill. “Indonesian Growth Dynamics,” Asian Economic Policy Review, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2011.
Basri, M. Chatib. “Twenty Years after the Asian Financial Crisis,” in Louis E. Breuer et al. (eds.), Realizing Indonesia’s Economic Potential. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund, 2018.
Beck, Herman L. “A Pillar of Social Harmony: The Study of Comparative Religion in Contemporary Indonesia,” Modern Societies and the Science of Religions, Vol. 95, 2002.
Braeuchler, Birgit. “Christian-Muslim Relations in Post-Conflict Ambon, Moluccas: Adat, Religion, and Beyond,” in Bernhard Platzdasch and Johan Saravanamuttu (eds.), Religious Diversity in Muslim-majority States in Southeast Asia. Singapore: ISEAS, 2013.
-----. The Cultural Dimension of Peace: Decentralization and Reconciliation in Indonesia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
Ellen, Roy. On the Edge of the Banda Zone: Past and Present in the Social Organization of a Moluccan Trading Network. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2003.
Ernas, Saidin. “Policy of social Conflict Resolution: Implementation of the Malino Agreement in Maluku,” Jurnal Studi Pemerintahan, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2012.
Evers, H-D., & Schrader, H. The Moral Economy of Trade: Ethnicity and Developing Markets. London and New York: Routledge, 1994.
Glass, Pepper G. “Using History to Explain the Present: The Past as Born and Performed,” Ethnography, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2015.
International Crisis Group (ICG). Indonesia: Violence Erupts again in Ambon (ICG Asia Reports No. 32/2004). Jakarta/Brussels: ICG, 2004.
Iwamony, Rachel. “The Reconciliatory Potential of the Pela in the Moluccas: The Role of the GPM in this Transformation Process.” Ph.D. Dissertation--Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2010.
Kadir, Hatib Abdul. “Gifts, Belonging, and Emerging Realities Among ‘Other Moluccans’ During the Aftermath of Sectarian Conflict.” Ph.D. Dissertation--University of California, Santa Cruz, 2017.
Leirissa, Richard Zacharias. “Social Development in Ambon during the 19th Century: Ambonese Burger,” Cakalele, Vol. 6, 1995.
-----. “The Bugis-Makassarese in The Port Towns: Ambon and Ternate through the Nineteenth Century: Authority and Enterprise among the Peoples of South Sulawesi,” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Vol. 156, No. 3, 2000.
Pamungkas, Cahyo. “Intergroup Contact Avoidance in Indonesia.” Ph.D. Dissertation--Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, 2015.
Pariela, Tonny D. “Damai di Tengah Konflik Maluku: Preserved Social Capital sebagai Basis Survival Strategy.” Ph.D. Dissertation--Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana, Salatiga, 2008.
Sholeh, Badrus. “The Dynamics of Muslim and Christian Relations in Ambon, Eastern Indonesia,” International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol. 4, No. 3, 2013.
Sitepu, Hemat. Revitalisasi Pranata Sosial Pasca Konflik Maluku. Jakarta: Ciputat Press, 2007.
Soegijono, Simon Pieter. “Papalele: Potret Aktivitas Komunitas Pedagang Kecil di Ambon.” Ph.D. Dissertation--Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana, Salatiga, 2011.
-----. “Papalele: The Forgotten Campaign,” Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), paper presented at International Conference on Religion and Public Civilization, 2018.
Tupamahu, Maria Katje. “Analisis Perilaku Ekonomi Kelompok Perempuan Papalele di Ambon.” Ph.D. Dissertation--Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 2012.
Van Klinken, Gerry. “The Maluku Wars: Bringing Society Back In,” Indonesia, Vol. 70, 2001.
-----. Perang Kota Kecil: Kekerasan Komunal dan Demokrastisasi di Indonesia. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2007.
Viterna, Jocelyn. “Negotiating the Muddiness of Grassroots Field Research: Managing Identity and Data,” in Martha K. Huggins and Marie-Louise Glebbeek (eds.), Women Fielding Danger: Negotiating Ethnographic Identities in Field Research. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2009.
Waileruny, Semuel. Membongkar Konspirasi di Balik Konflik Maluku. Jakarta, Indonesia: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia, 2010.
Interviews
Ca Mina, Muslim Ambonese, Jakarta, July 11, 2018.
La Adin, Butonese, Ambon, January 25, 2018.
Tante Jessica, Ambon, June 18, 2018.
Taufiq, Ambon, January 1, 2018.
Vice Mayor of Ambon City, Ambon, January 2018.
Wa Rohmah, Ambon, January 25, 2018.