Voice of Resilience: Unveiling the Humanitarian Tragedy of Palestinian Women in the Lens of Umm Sa'd
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Abstract
This article aims to discuss the humanitarian crisis that Palestinian women refugees have to face in the novel Umm Sa‘d by Ghassan Kanafani. This humanitarian crisis is a result of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict since the 1948 Nakba incident, which continues to this day. This article reveals and analyzes the humanitarian crisis faced by Palestinian women in this novel using the state-ibuism approach and qualitative descriptive methods. State-ibuism is defined as the ideology of women’s actions in taking care of their family, group, or state to support male power. Kanafani’s main idea for Palestinian women to rebuild the Palestinian national narrative is a pro-natal movement using their wombs. Their wombs are positioned as a battlefield for the Israel and Palestine movements to determine the definition of their nation. This article contributes to providing an understanding of the role of Palestinian women in rebuilding the idea of a Palestinian national narrative, which makes the womb of Palestinian women a tool and a strategy for population dominance through statistical politics.
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Hidayah, Nur, and Nasih Burhani. “Voice of Resilience: Unveiling the Humanitarian Tragedy of Palestinian Women in the Lens of Umm Sa’d”. Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 18, no. 2 (March 1, 2024): 25-48. Accessed May 1, 2024. https://islamica.uinsby.ac.id/index.php/islamica/article/view/1124.
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References
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Wicaksono, Mochammad Arief. “Mereka yang Tidak Dibayar Tinggi: Ibuisme, Taman Kanak-Kanak, dan Kampung di Indramayu.” Etnosia, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2018), 122. https://doi.org/10.31947/etnosia.v3i2.3612.
Yahi, Zoulikha. “S{urat al-Umm fī Riwāyat Umm Sa‘d li Ghassan Kanafani Bayn al-Wāqi‘īyah wa al-Takhyīl al-Sardi.” Majallah Ishkālāt fī al-Lughah wa al-Adab, Vol. 11, No. 4 (2022), 373-93.
Alodaat (ed.). “Palestinian Women under Prolonged Israeli Occupation (The Gendered Impact of Occupation Violence).” Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (2017), 8 and 11. www.wilpf.org.
Alwadhaf, Yahya Hassan and Noritah Omar. “Narrating the Nation and Its Other: The Emergence of Palestine in the Postcolonial Arabic Novel.” 3 L: Language, Linguistics, Literature (The Southeast Asian Journal), Vol. 17, Special Issue (2011).
Andersen, Lars Erslev. The Neglected Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon and the Syrian Refugee Crisis. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS), 2016.
Arafat, Hasan et al. “Determinants of Pregnancy Outcomes After Assisted Reproductive Therapy: A Sample from The West Bank, Palestine.” Cureus Vol. 15, No. 8 (2023), 2. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.43011.
Coffin, Nancy. “Engendering Resistance in the Work of Ghassan Kanafani: All That’s Left to You, Of Men and Guns, and Umm Sa’d,” The Arab Studies Journal, Vol. 4, No. 2 (1996).
Farhah, Nasser Abu. “Land of Symbols: Cactus, Poppies, Orange, and Olive Trees in Palestine.” Journal of Identities, Vol. 15, No. 3 (n.d.), 343-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/10702890802073274.
Kanaaneh, Rhoda Ann. Birthing the Nation (Strategies of Palestinian Women in Israel). California: University of California Press, 2002.
Kanafani, Ghassan. Umm Sa‘d. Cyprus: Dār Mans}ūrāt al-Rimāl, 2013.
Khoury, Elias. “Remembering Ghassan Kanafani, or How a Nation was Born of Story Telling.” Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 42, No. 3 (2013), 87. https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.2013.42.3.85.
Liza, Fitri and Zainal Abidin. “Hegemoni Politik Melalui Adab Al-Muqawamah pada Konteks Palestina dan Israel: Studi Antropologi Sastra dan Komunikasi.” Riyahuna, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2021), 54.
Lughod, Janet Abu. “The Demographic Transformation of Palestine.” The Transformation of Palestine: Essays on the Origin and Development of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, ed. Ibrahim Abu-Lughod. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1971.
Masykuroh, Siti and Effendi. “Islamic Perspective About Women’s Reproductive Health Rights.” Al Huwiyah, Vol. 2, No. 2 (2022), 89. https://doi.org/10.24042/jwcs.v2i2.15148.
Mintarsih, Mimin and Pitrotussaadah. “Hak-Hak Repproduksi Perempuan dalam Islam.” Journal Studi Gender dan Anak, Vol. 9, No. 1 (2022), 98-99. https://doi.org/10.32678/jsga.v9i01.6060.
Neimneh, Shadi. “The Motherland: An Archetypal and Postcolonial Reading of Ghassan Kanafani’s Umm Sa‘d.” Jordan Journal of Modern Language and Literatures, Vol. 13, No. 4 (2021), 687. https://doi.org/10.47012/jjmll.13.4.5.
-----. “Women in the Works of Ghassan Kanafani: A Comparative Reading of Two Novels.” Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences, Vol. 49, No. 5 (2022), 493-94.
Nieuwenhuis, Madelon Djajadiningrat. “Ibuism and Priyayization: Path to Power?” Indonesian Women in Focus, eds. E. B. Locher-Scholten and A. Niehof. Leiden: KITLV Press, n.d.
Rahman, Muhammad Syauqi Fathur. “al-Bunyah al-Shakhs}īyah Umm Sa‘d li Ghassan Kanafani (Dirāsah Tahlīlīyah Psikūlūjīyah Adabīyah ‘inda Sigmund Freud).” Undergraduate Thesis--UIN Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh, 2021.
Rais, Yasir. “al-H{ājāt al-Insānīyah fī Riwāyat Umm Sa‘d li Ghassan Kanafani (Dirāsah Sikulūjjīyah Insānīyah).” Undergraduate Thesis--UIN Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh, 2023.
Sa‘dī, Hibah Khalīl. “al-Lajiun al-Filast}īniyyūn bayn al-Ightirāb wa al-Indimāj al-Siyāsī: Dirāsat H{ālat Mukhayyam Bilathih.” Ph.D Thesis--al-Najāh} al-Wat}anīyah University, Nablus, 2010.
Sa’di, Ahmad H. “Catastrophe, Memory and Identity: Al-Nakba as a Component of Palestinian Identity.” Israel Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2 (2002), 175. https://doi.org/10.1353/is.2002.0016.
Santika, Erlina F. “Statistik Pengungsi Palestina Sejak 2020 Selalu Meningkat Tiap Tahun,” October 18, 2023. Available at https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2023/10/18/statistik-pengungsi-palestina-sejak-2020-selalu-meningkat-tiap-tahun.
Serour, Gamal. “Islamic Perspective in Human Reproduction.” Ethics, Bioscience and Life, Vol. 3, No. 3 (2008), 35.
Shāmī (al), H{assan Rashad. al-Mar’ah fī al-Riwāyah al-Filast}īnīyah. Damaskus: Ittih}ād al-Kuttāb al-‘Arab, 1998.
Speake, Beth. “Islam and Women’s Reproductive and Sexual Rights in the MENA Region.” E-International Relation (2012), 1 and 6. Retrieved from https://www.e-ir.info/2012/09/11/islam-and-womens-reproductive-and-sexual-rights-in-the-mena-region/.
Tong, Rosemarie and Tina Fernandes Botts. Feminist Thought, Fifth Edition. New York: Routledge, 2018. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429495243.
Udasmoro, Wening and Elisabeth Prugl. “No Matter What—I’ve Got Rights: Women’s Land Grab Protests in Banyuwangi, East Java.” Gender in Peacebuilding: Local Practices in Indonesia and Nigeria, eds. Elisabeth Prugl et al. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004498471_008.
Wadi, Heba A. S. “Features of Resistance Literature in the Palestinian Literature: Ghassan Kanafani’s Works as Example.” Lakon, Vol. 9, No. 2 (2020), 59.
Wicaksono, Mochammad Arief. “Mereka yang Tidak Dibayar Tinggi: Ibuisme, Taman Kanak-Kanak, dan Kampung di Indramayu.” Etnosia, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2018), 122. https://doi.org/10.31947/etnosia.v3i2.3612.
Yahi, Zoulikha. “S{urat al-Umm fī Riwāyat Umm Sa‘d li Ghassan Kanafani Bayn al-Wāqi‘īyah wa al-Takhyīl al-Sardi.” Majallah Ishkālāt fī al-Lughah wa al-Adab, Vol. 11, No. 4 (2022), 373-93.