Religious and Cultural Embodiment in the Land of Osing: A Portrait of Hadrami Community in Banyuwangi, East Java
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Abstract
This paper investigates the portrait of Hadrami community in the land of Osing in Banyuwangi, East Java. Banyuwangi is one of the legendary towns where the Majapahit kingdom’s heritage was well preserved. This town is associated with indigenous ethnic people known as Osing, who have their own traditions, language, customs, and culture. Madurese, Javanese, Sundanese, Chinese, Europeans, and Hadramis are among the other ethnic groups that inhabit this region. Its diversity of languages, ethnic groups, and religions made Banyuwangi a welcoming place for Hadramis for centuries. During the Dutch East Indies, Hadramis conducted extensive trade via the island’s South Sea; this area was a trading port in East Javat. Hadrami community have permanently lived in the land of Osing since the early 18th century, bringing their livelihood, inter-ethnic marriage, Islamic teachings, and Arab culture. Therefore, this research examines religious and cultural embodiments between native people and Hadrami community in the land of Osing. The findings of this research show that Hadrami community in the land of Osing adopted local language for Islamic da‘wah. Furthermore, the Hadrami community has had a cultural impact on fashion, food, music, and religious tourism, with umrah and hajj becoming increasingly popular among native people since the late nineteenth century.
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Nurish, Amanah. “Religious and Cultural Embodiment in the Land of Osing: A Portrait of Hadrami Community in Banyuwangi, East Java”. Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 18, no. 2 (March 1, 2024): 1-24. Accessed May 1, 2024. https://islamica.uinsby.ac.id/index.php/islamica/article/view/1090.
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References
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-----. “Gender and Hadrami Migration.” Indonesian Feminist, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2015), 4-13.
-----. “Land of the Sacred, Land of the Damned: Conceptualizing Homeland among the Upholders of the Thariqah ‘Alawiyyah in Indonesia.” Antropologi Indonesia, Vol. 29, No. 2 (2005), 142-158.
-----. “The Pangeran and the Saints: The Historical Inflection of a Mid 19th-Century Hadrami Mausoleum in East Java, Indonesia.” Indonesia and the Malay World, Vol. 44, No. 130 (September 1, 2016), 285-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2016.1173862.
Alfredson, T. and A Cungu. “Negotiation Theory and Practice: A Review of the Literature.” FAO Policy Learning Programme, 2008.
Algadri, M. Hamid. Islam dan Keturunan Arab dalam Pemberontakan Melawan Belanda. Jakarta: Mizan, 1996.
Banyuwangi Connect. “Perkembangan Penduduk dan Perubahan Formasi Etnis di Blambangan Tahun 1800an.” Kumparan, https://kumparan.com/banyuwangi_connect/perkembangan-penduduk-dan-perubahan-formasi-etnis-di-blambangan-tahun-1800an-oleh-s-marga-1537509134419125161/3; accessed July 23, 2023.
Bar, Noma. “Religion and Economics: The Holy Relevance.” The Economist, October 29, 2011.
Bowman, Marion. “Valuing Spirituality: Commodification, Consumption and Community in Glastonbury.” In Religion in Consumer Society: Brands, Consumers and Markets, eds. Tuomas Martikainen and François Gauthier. London: Routledge, 2016.
Bruce, Steve and Herbert Blumer. “Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method.” The British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 39, No. 2 (1988), 292-295. https://doi.org/10.2307/590791.
Cohen, Dov and Angela K.Y. Leung. “The Hard Embodiment of Culture.” European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 39, No. 7 (2009), 1278-1289. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.671.
Creswell, John W. and Cheryl N. Poth. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches. USA: Sage publications, 2016.
Csordas, Thomas J. “Embodiment as a Paradigm for Anthropology.” American Anthropological Association, Vol. 18, No. 1 (1990), 5-47. https://doi.org/10.1525/eth.1990.18.1.02a00010.
Dalton, Jon C. “Exploring Spirituality and Culture in Adult and Higher Education.” Journal of College Student Development, Vol. 44, No. 6 (2003), 861-863. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2003.0065.
Felbermayr, Gabriel J., Benjamin Jung, and Farid Toubal. “Ethnic Networks, Information, and International Trade: Revisiting the Evidence.” Annals of Economics and Statistics, No. 97/98 (2010), 41-70. https://doi.org/10.2307/41219109.
Geertz, Armin W. “The Meaningful Brain: Clifford Geertz and the Cognitive Science of Culture.” In Mental Culture: Classical Social Theory and the Cognitive Science of Religion, ed. Dimitris Xygalatas and William W. McCorkle Jr. Durham: Acumen, 2012.
Geertz, Clifford. The Interpration of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books, 1973.
Gómez, Santiago Castro, Kyle Kopsick, and David Golding. “Michel Foucault and the Coloniality of Power.” Cultural Studies, Vol. 37, No. 3 (2023), 444-460. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2021.2004435.
Hasyim, Much. “Jejak Bangsa Arab di Banyuwangi.” Ringtimesbanyuwangi.Com.
Haugaard, Mark. “Foucault and Power: A Critique and Retheorization.” Critical Review, Vol. 34, No. 3-4 (2022), 341-371. https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2022.2133803.
Hefner, Robert W. “Where Have All the Abangan Gone?: Religionization and the Decline of NonstandardIslam in Contemporary Indonesia.” In The Politics of Religion in Indonesia: Syncretism, Orthodoxy, and Religious Contention in Java and Bali, eds. Michel Picard and Rémy Madinier. London: Routledge, 2011.
Hilmy, Masdar. “Islam and Javanese Acculturation: Textual and Contextual Analysis of the Slametan Ritual.” ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 1999, http://search.proquest.com/docview/304560165?accountid=28431.
Hoogervorst, Tom. “Hadrami Mobilities, Colonial Histories, and Southeast Asia.” Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde/Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, Vol. 177, No. 2-3 (July 10, 2021), 395-402. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-17702002.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SC2sNPvK1TE; accessed on April 27, 2022
Iain, Walker. “The Hadrami Diaspora: A “Diaspora for Others” in the Indian Ocean.” Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies, Vol. 4, No. 2 (2021), 188-211. https://doi.org/10.26443/jiows.v4i2.83.
Ignatow, Gabe. “Embodiment and Culture.” In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: Second Edition, ed. James D. Wright. N.p.: Elsevier, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.10436-2.
Jacobsen, Frode F. Hadrami Arabs in Present-Day Indonesia: An Indonesia-Oriented Group with an Arab Signature. New York: Routledge, 2009. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203884614.
Kesheh, Natalie Mobini. “The Arab Periodicals of the Netherlands East Indies, 1914-1942.” Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde/Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, Vol. 152, No. 2 (1996), 236-256. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003012.
Khairil, Muhammad, Raisa Alatas, Fadhlia Basir, Mirfath Alamrie. “Communication Strategy in the Islamic Acculturation Process by the Hadramaut-Arab Descendents in Palu.” Asian Journal of Environment, History and Heritage, Vol. 2, No. 2 (2018), 249-256.
Koentjaraningrat. Ritus Peralihan di Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 1993).
Korobkin, Rusell. Negotiation Theory and Strategy. N.p.: Aspen Publishers, 1992.
Mitchem, Stephanie Y. “Embodiment, Gender, and Re-Ligion.” CrossCurrents, Vol. 68, No. 4 (2018), 550-560. https://doi.org/10.1353/cro.2018.0030.
Ningtyas, Ika. “Ekspedisi Kampung Arab di Banyuwangi.” Tempo, 2013, https://travel.tempo.co/read/498664/ekspedisi-kampung-arab-di-banyuwangi.
Nurish, Amanah. “Nasib ‘Agama’ Lokal di Tengah Ancaman Populisme.” In Agama, Kebudayaan, dan Rekonsiliasi. Depok: Desantara, 2021.
-----. “Populisme Agama dalam Pentas Demokrasi Indonesia di Era Internet.” In Demokrasi di Era Digital, ed. Nasir Tamara. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2021.
-----. “Santri and Abangan after a Half Century of Clifford Geertz.” Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura, Vol. 21. No. 2 (August 2021), 226-239. https://doi.org/10.22373/jiif.v21i2.5829.
-----. “When Abangan Embraces Sufism: Religious Phenomenology to Counter Radicalism in Contemporary Java.” Teosofi: Jurnal Tasawuf dan Pemikiran Islam, Vol. 11, No. 1 (2021), 20-45. https://doi.org/10.15642/teosofi.2021.11.1.20-45.
-----. “Women’s Same-Sex Relations in Indonesian Pesantren.” Gender, Technology and Development, Vol. 14, No. 2 (2010), 267-277. https://doi.org/10.1177/097185241001400207.
-----. Agama Jawa: Setengah Abad Pasca-Clifford Geertz. Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2019.
Portschy, Jürgen. “Times of Power, Knowledge and Critique in the Work of Foucault.” Time and Society, Vol. 29, No. 2 (2020), 392-419. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X20911786.
Reeves, Scott, Ayelet Kuper, and Brian David Hodges. “Qualitative Research Methodologies: Ethnography.” British Medical Journal, Vol. 337, No. 7668 (2013), 512-514.
Shahab, Y. Z. “Exploring Uniting Factor for Multiculturalism Policy: Portrait of Hadrami, Arab Community in Indonesia.” KnE Social Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 10 (August 29, 2018), 650-680. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i10.2940.
Shweder, Richard A. and Séamus A. Powera. “Robust Cultural Pluralism: An Interview with Professor Richard A. Shweder.” Europe’s Journal of Psychology, Vol. 9, No. 4 (2013), 671-686. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v9i4.718.
Soekanto, Soerjono. Teori Sosiologi: Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta. Ghalia Indonesia, 2002.
Soetoko et. al. Geografi Dialek Banyuwangi. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, 1981.
Stewart, Pamela J. and Andrew Strathern. “Embodiment Theory in Performance and Performativity.” Journal of Ritual Studiestudies, Vol. 22, No. 1 (2008), 67-71. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44368783.
Subchi, Imam. “Kafa’ah among the Hadrami Arabs in the Malay World; Anthropology of Law Approach.” Jurnal Cita Hukum, Vol. 8, No. 2 (August 1, 2020), 415-434. https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v8i2.16574.
Watts, Galen and Dick Houtman. “The Spiritual Turn and the Disenchantment of the World: Max Weber, Peter Berger and the Religion-Science Conflict.” Sociological Review, Vol. 71, No. 1 (2023), 261-279. https://doi.org/10.1177/00380261221096387.
Yunita, Rossi Prima. Banyuwangi dalam Mozaik. Banyuwangi: CV. Al Fastabiq Al Khairat and Komunitas Pecinta Sejarah Blambangan (Koseba), 2013.
Žikić, Bojan. “Qualitative Field Research in Anthropology: An Overview of Basic Research Methodology.” Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology, Vol. 2, No. 2 (2007), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.21301/eap.v2i2.7.
2. Interviews:
Habib Hadi, December 2022.
Syarifah Zaynab, December 2022.
-----. “Between Abu Dhabi and Java: A Transnational Hadrami Family in an Era of Nation States.” The Singapore Middle East Papers, Vol. 1 (Spring 2012), 46-65.
-----. “Gender and Hadrami Migration.” Indonesian Feminist, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2015), 4-13.
-----. “Land of the Sacred, Land of the Damned: Conceptualizing Homeland among the Upholders of the Thariqah ‘Alawiyyah in Indonesia.” Antropologi Indonesia, Vol. 29, No. 2 (2005), 142-158.
-----. “The Pangeran and the Saints: The Historical Inflection of a Mid 19th-Century Hadrami Mausoleum in East Java, Indonesia.” Indonesia and the Malay World, Vol. 44, No. 130 (September 1, 2016), 285-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2016.1173862.
Alfredson, T. and A Cungu. “Negotiation Theory and Practice: A Review of the Literature.” FAO Policy Learning Programme, 2008.
Algadri, M. Hamid. Islam dan Keturunan Arab dalam Pemberontakan Melawan Belanda. Jakarta: Mizan, 1996.
Banyuwangi Connect. “Perkembangan Penduduk dan Perubahan Formasi Etnis di Blambangan Tahun 1800an.” Kumparan, https://kumparan.com/banyuwangi_connect/perkembangan-penduduk-dan-perubahan-formasi-etnis-di-blambangan-tahun-1800an-oleh-s-marga-1537509134419125161/3; accessed July 23, 2023.
Bar, Noma. “Religion and Economics: The Holy Relevance.” The Economist, October 29, 2011.
Bowman, Marion. “Valuing Spirituality: Commodification, Consumption and Community in Glastonbury.” In Religion in Consumer Society: Brands, Consumers and Markets, eds. Tuomas Martikainen and François Gauthier. London: Routledge, 2016.
Bruce, Steve and Herbert Blumer. “Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method.” The British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 39, No. 2 (1988), 292-295. https://doi.org/10.2307/590791.
Cohen, Dov and Angela K.Y. Leung. “The Hard Embodiment of Culture.” European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 39, No. 7 (2009), 1278-1289. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.671.
Creswell, John W. and Cheryl N. Poth. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches. USA: Sage publications, 2016.
Csordas, Thomas J. “Embodiment as a Paradigm for Anthropology.” American Anthropological Association, Vol. 18, No. 1 (1990), 5-47. https://doi.org/10.1525/eth.1990.18.1.02a00010.
Dalton, Jon C. “Exploring Spirituality and Culture in Adult and Higher Education.” Journal of College Student Development, Vol. 44, No. 6 (2003), 861-863. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2003.0065.
Felbermayr, Gabriel J., Benjamin Jung, and Farid Toubal. “Ethnic Networks, Information, and International Trade: Revisiting the Evidence.” Annals of Economics and Statistics, No. 97/98 (2010), 41-70. https://doi.org/10.2307/41219109.
Geertz, Armin W. “The Meaningful Brain: Clifford Geertz and the Cognitive Science of Culture.” In Mental Culture: Classical Social Theory and the Cognitive Science of Religion, ed. Dimitris Xygalatas and William W. McCorkle Jr. Durham: Acumen, 2012.
Geertz, Clifford. The Interpration of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books, 1973.
Gómez, Santiago Castro, Kyle Kopsick, and David Golding. “Michel Foucault and the Coloniality of Power.” Cultural Studies, Vol. 37, No. 3 (2023), 444-460. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2021.2004435.
Hasyim, Much. “Jejak Bangsa Arab di Banyuwangi.” Ringtimesbanyuwangi.Com.
Haugaard, Mark. “Foucault and Power: A Critique and Retheorization.” Critical Review, Vol. 34, No. 3-4 (2022), 341-371. https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2022.2133803.
Hefner, Robert W. “Where Have All the Abangan Gone?: Religionization and the Decline of NonstandardIslam in Contemporary Indonesia.” In The Politics of Religion in Indonesia: Syncretism, Orthodoxy, and Religious Contention in Java and Bali, eds. Michel Picard and Rémy Madinier. London: Routledge, 2011.
Hilmy, Masdar. “Islam and Javanese Acculturation: Textual and Contextual Analysis of the Slametan Ritual.” ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 1999, http://search.proquest.com/docview/304560165?accountid=28431.
Hoogervorst, Tom. “Hadrami Mobilities, Colonial Histories, and Southeast Asia.” Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde/Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, Vol. 177, No. 2-3 (July 10, 2021), 395-402. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-17702002.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SC2sNPvK1TE; accessed on April 27, 2022
Iain, Walker. “The Hadrami Diaspora: A “Diaspora for Others” in the Indian Ocean.” Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies, Vol. 4, No. 2 (2021), 188-211. https://doi.org/10.26443/jiows.v4i2.83.
Ignatow, Gabe. “Embodiment and Culture.” In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: Second Edition, ed. James D. Wright. N.p.: Elsevier, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.10436-2.
Jacobsen, Frode F. Hadrami Arabs in Present-Day Indonesia: An Indonesia-Oriented Group with an Arab Signature. New York: Routledge, 2009. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203884614.
Kesheh, Natalie Mobini. “The Arab Periodicals of the Netherlands East Indies, 1914-1942.” Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde/Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, Vol. 152, No. 2 (1996), 236-256. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003012.
Khairil, Muhammad, Raisa Alatas, Fadhlia Basir, Mirfath Alamrie. “Communication Strategy in the Islamic Acculturation Process by the Hadramaut-Arab Descendents in Palu.” Asian Journal of Environment, History and Heritage, Vol. 2, No. 2 (2018), 249-256.
Koentjaraningrat. Ritus Peralihan di Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 1993).
Korobkin, Rusell. Negotiation Theory and Strategy. N.p.: Aspen Publishers, 1992.
Mitchem, Stephanie Y. “Embodiment, Gender, and Re-Ligion.” CrossCurrents, Vol. 68, No. 4 (2018), 550-560. https://doi.org/10.1353/cro.2018.0030.
Ningtyas, Ika. “Ekspedisi Kampung Arab di Banyuwangi.” Tempo, 2013, https://travel.tempo.co/read/498664/ekspedisi-kampung-arab-di-banyuwangi.
Nurish, Amanah. “Nasib ‘Agama’ Lokal di Tengah Ancaman Populisme.” In Agama, Kebudayaan, dan Rekonsiliasi. Depok: Desantara, 2021.
-----. “Populisme Agama dalam Pentas Demokrasi Indonesia di Era Internet.” In Demokrasi di Era Digital, ed. Nasir Tamara. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2021.
-----. “Santri and Abangan after a Half Century of Clifford Geertz.” Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura, Vol. 21. No. 2 (August 2021), 226-239. https://doi.org/10.22373/jiif.v21i2.5829.
-----. “When Abangan Embraces Sufism: Religious Phenomenology to Counter Radicalism in Contemporary Java.” Teosofi: Jurnal Tasawuf dan Pemikiran Islam, Vol. 11, No. 1 (2021), 20-45. https://doi.org/10.15642/teosofi.2021.11.1.20-45.
-----. “Women’s Same-Sex Relations in Indonesian Pesantren.” Gender, Technology and Development, Vol. 14, No. 2 (2010), 267-277. https://doi.org/10.1177/097185241001400207.
-----. Agama Jawa: Setengah Abad Pasca-Clifford Geertz. Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2019.
Portschy, Jürgen. “Times of Power, Knowledge and Critique in the Work of Foucault.” Time and Society, Vol. 29, No. 2 (2020), 392-419. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X20911786.
Reeves, Scott, Ayelet Kuper, and Brian David Hodges. “Qualitative Research Methodologies: Ethnography.” British Medical Journal, Vol. 337, No. 7668 (2013), 512-514.
Shahab, Y. Z. “Exploring Uniting Factor for Multiculturalism Policy: Portrait of Hadrami, Arab Community in Indonesia.” KnE Social Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 10 (August 29, 2018), 650-680. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i10.2940.
Shweder, Richard A. and Séamus A. Powera. “Robust Cultural Pluralism: An Interview with Professor Richard A. Shweder.” Europe’s Journal of Psychology, Vol. 9, No. 4 (2013), 671-686. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v9i4.718.
Soekanto, Soerjono. Teori Sosiologi: Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta. Ghalia Indonesia, 2002.
Soetoko et. al. Geografi Dialek Banyuwangi. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, 1981.
Stewart, Pamela J. and Andrew Strathern. “Embodiment Theory in Performance and Performativity.” Journal of Ritual Studiestudies, Vol. 22, No. 1 (2008), 67-71. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44368783.
Subchi, Imam. “Kafa’ah among the Hadrami Arabs in the Malay World; Anthropology of Law Approach.” Jurnal Cita Hukum, Vol. 8, No. 2 (August 1, 2020), 415-434. https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v8i2.16574.
Watts, Galen and Dick Houtman. “The Spiritual Turn and the Disenchantment of the World: Max Weber, Peter Berger and the Religion-Science Conflict.” Sociological Review, Vol. 71, No. 1 (2023), 261-279. https://doi.org/10.1177/00380261221096387.
Yunita, Rossi Prima. Banyuwangi dalam Mozaik. Banyuwangi: CV. Al Fastabiq Al Khairat and Komunitas Pecinta Sejarah Blambangan (Koseba), 2013.
Žikić, Bojan. “Qualitative Field Research in Anthropology: An Overview of Basic Research Methodology.” Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology, Vol. 2, No. 2 (2007), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.21301/eap.v2i2.7.
2. Interviews:
Habib Hadi, December 2022.
Syarifah Zaynab, December 2022.